Theories on First Language Acquisition

4.1 Theory of BehaviorismBehaviorism theory highlights the aspects of linguistic behavior that can be observed directly and the relationship between the stimulus (stimulus) and reaction (response). Effective language behavior is to make the proper reaction to stimuli. This reaction will become a habit if the reaction is justified. Thus, children learn the language first.For example, a child might say bilangkali for. It is certain the child would be criticized by her mother or anyone who heard the word. If a depressing when the children say perhaps appropriately, he does not get criticized because its pronunciation is correct. Situations like this is called making the right reaction to stimuli and is fundamental for first language acquisition.B.F. Skinner's behaviorism is a character stream. He wrote the book Verbal Behavior (1957), which is used as a reference for followers of this genre. According to this school, learning is the result of external factors imposed on an organism. According to Skinner, the same linguistic behavior with other behavior, is controlled by its consequences. When a fun business, the behavior will continue to be done. Conversely, if it is not profitable, the behavior will be abandoned. In short, if there is a suitable reinforcement, the behavior will change and this is called learning.Nevertheless, a lot of criticism of this genre. Chomsky says that theories have a basis of conditioning and reinforcement can not explain the new sentences were spoken for the first time and this is what we do every day. Bower and Hilgard also oppose this flow on to say that recent research does not support this flow.Flow behaviorism says that all knowledge can be reduced to a stimulus-response relationship. This is not true because not all behavior comes from the stimulus-response.
4.2 Theory of NativismChomsky is the adherents of nativism. According to him, the language can only be controlled by humans, animals may not be able to master the language of humans. Chomsky opinion is based on several assumptions. First, language behavior is something that is passed down (genetic), every language has the same pattern of development (is something universal), and the neighborhood has a small role in the maturation process language. Second, the language can be mastered in a relatively short time. Third, the child's language environment can not provide sufficient data for the mastery of complex grammar of an adult.According to this flow, the language is complex and impossibly complex that can be mastered in a short time through the "imitation". Nativism also believe that every human being is born already equipped with a means to acquire language (language acquisition device, abbreviated LAD). About what language to children obtainable depend on the language used by the surrounding community. For example, a child who grew up in the States is definitely English as his first language.All normal child can learn any language used by the surrounding community. When exiled from birth, these children do not acquire language. In other words, LAD does not get "food" as usual so that the tool could not get a first language as commonly as children are nurtured by wolves (Baradja, 1990:33).Without LAD, a child may not be able to master the language in a short time and can master complex language systems. LAD also allows a child can not distinguish the sounds of language and the sounds of language.
4.3 Theory CognitivismAccording to this theory, language is not a natural characteristic of a separate, but one among several capabilities derived from cognitive maturity. Language distrukturi by reason. Language development should be based on more fundamental changes and is more common in cognition. Thus, the sequence of cognitive development determines the order of language development (Chaer, 2003:223). This is of course different from Chomsky opinion stating that the general mechanisms of cognitive development can not explain the complex structure of language, abstract, and distinctive. So also with speaking environment. Language should be obtained naturally.According to the theory of cognitivism, the most important is the cognitive development to be achieved, then the knowledge can be out in the form of language skills. From birth to 18 months, language is considered not exist. Children only understand the world through his senses. Children only know objects seen directly. At the end of one year of age, children are able to understand that objects have permanence so that children begin to use symbols to represent objects that are not present in front of him. It later became a symbol of the words spoken by the child early.
4.4 Theory interactionismInteractionism theory assumes that language acquisition is the result of the interaction between mental abilities and environmental learning the language. Language acquisition is related to the interaction between the input "input" and the internal capabilities possessed learners. Every child has innate LAD. However, without appropriate input child may not be able to master the particular language automatically.Actually, according to the opinion of the writer, internal and external factors in the first language acquisition by the child's influence. True if there is a theory that says that the language skills of the child has been there since birth (had no LAD). It has been proved by various inventions as has been done by Howard Gardner. He said that since the birth of the child has been equipped with various intelligence. One of the intelligence in question is speaking intelligence (Campbell, et al., 2006: 2-3). However, that can not be forgotten is also environmental factors that affect the child's language skills. Many discoveries have proved this.

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